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green urbanism
Green urbanism has been defined as the practice of creating communities〔http://blog.islandpress.org/walker-wells-urban-areas-as-opportunity-for-innovation#comments〕 beneficial to human and the environment. According to Beatley〔Beatley, T. (2000). Green Urbanism: Learning from European Cities. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.〕 It is an attempt to shape more sustainable places, communities and lifestyles.〔Bicknell, J., Dobman, D., and Satterthwaite, D. 2009. (eds). Adapting Cities to Climate Change: Understanding and Addressing Developmental Challenges. London: Earthscan〕 and consume less of the world’s resources.〔Karlenzig, W. with Marquardt, F., White, P., Yaseen, P. & Young, R. (2007). How Green is Your City, The SustainLane US City Rankings (eds). Canada: New Society Publishers〕〔Lehmann, S. (2010). The Principles of Green Urbanism: Transforming the City for Sustainability. London: Earthscan〕 Green urbanism is interdisciplinary, combining the collaboration of landscape architects, engineers, urban planners, ecologists, transport planners, physicists, psychologists, sociologists, economists and other specialists in addition to architects and urban designers.
== Urbanisation and environmental degradation ==
Urbanisation and environmental consequences has always moved hand in hand. Odum in 1989 has called cities as ‘parasites’ on natural and domesticated environment, since it makes no food, cleans no air and cleans only a little amount of water for reuse〔Odum, H.(1971). Environment, power, and society. London: Wiley- Interscience〕 and Mayur (1990) has argued that such disharmony may result in environmentally catastrophic events (cited in Leitmann, 1999).〔Leitmann, J.(1999). Sustainable Cities environmental planning and management in urban design. New York : McGraw Hill〕 Leitmann mentioned such critical urban environmental problems as the ‘brown agenda’ which deals with both environmental health and industrialisation.〔Leitmann, J.(1999). Sustainable Cities environmental planning and management in urban design. New York : McGraw Hill〕 He further pointed out that throughout the 19th century; developing countries were more concerned of the public health impacts of poor sanitation and pollution.〔Rydin, Y. (2010). Governing for sustainable Urban Development. London: Earthscan〕 Moreover, he figured out the links between cities and ecosystems into three phases. Early Urbanisation phase, starting from 3000 BCE to 1800 CE, was of more productive agricultural techniques yielding a surplus that was able to support non-agricultural concentrations of people. In second phase, Urban Industrialisation (1800 CE - 1950 CE), energy consumption, particularly fossil fuels, was increased rapidly with mechanisation of production. Since the 1950s the city/environment relationship has entered into third phase, Global Interdependence, with rapid population growth and globalisation of economy. Cities became the nodal points for large and globally interconnected flows of resources, wastes, and labour. Also, environmental problems are local, regional and global in scale, with cities increasingly contributing to global environmental damage.
Rydin (2010) accused the cities as both villains and victims of climate change pattern. Climate change affecting urban sustainability in regards to temperature increase which may exacerbate urban heat island (UHI) effect〔Davis, W. and Knell, J. (2003). ‘Conclusions’ to professional’s choice: the future of the built environment professions. London: CABE/RIBA〕 and rainfall patterns (Rydin, 2010). Some other cities may also go through environmental catastrophes, like cyclone and storm, coastal erosion, sea-level rise, ground instability and changes in biodiversity. The whole scenario called for an urgent need to focus on rebuilding the urban ecosystem with given emphasis on the human settlements.
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